Gender History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sexual orientation History - Essay Example he men should be the dynamic members in the front line while for a lady it is critical to be modest and good to demonstrate that she is a productive member of society. The benchmark of energy is in this manner dependent on the sexual orientation of the person. Here we are going to concentrate on a similar sexual orientation development of the Second World War particularly in Britain. Same issue is examined by Prof. Sonya Rose in her book â€Å"Which People’s War.† Here we will talk about the focuses which are identified with the sexual orientation development during the Second World War. All wars which happened in the history are chiefly battled by the men and there are excellent situations where ladies have partaken on real war zone directly from the legendary war to the cutting edge war. It is commonly foreseen that solitary men are qualified to fill in as a warriors in light of their physical quality they have naturally. Or maybe the manliness of any man is decided by his eagerness to battle. Obviously it doesn’t imply that the ladies had never partaken in the war effectively. Some outstanding instances obviously are there like Saint Joan or Rani of Jhansi and so forth. In any case, these ladies have involved just 1% and the remainder of the ladies have denied for this work. By and large people are associated to assume their job as indicated by their sex. Their psyches are socially arranged as needs be. Consequently sexual orientation has consistently been the significant and unavoidable issue in the war. Men are given the status of legends and are constant ly foreseen as the subject while the ladies are constantly underestimated as a delicate animal and they are liable to be assaulted during the war time. For the most part war time work used to be separated based on sexual orientation. Janet Lee in her book â€Å"War Girl†states, â€Å"Women’s section into this manly space of war in any job other than that of medical caretaker, that accommodating heavenly attendant of benevolence, compromised the establishment of wartime sexual orientation development with its division into manly military powers and female home

Multiple Regression Analysis

Numerous relapse investigation was utilized to gauge the connection between the expense of value capital and the free and control factors. It was discovered that the expense of value capital is moderately lower when the file of CSR revelation is higher, reason being gigantic CSR usage limits the general danger of an organization. It was reasoned that CSR revelation in the organization's yearly reports decreases the expense of capital by diminishing data asymmetry and accordingly lessening organization's hazard which benefits both the financial specialists and examiners. As per Baimukhamedova and Luchaninova (2017) who inspected the connection between corporate revelation and cost of value capital on an example of 37 biggest and most fluid firms recorded at Kazakhstan Stock Exchange for period 2008 to 2014, the investigation utilized different direct relapse models. The discoveries demonstrated that organizations with more significant level of money related straightforwardness are related with essentially lower cost of value capital. The outcomes indicated that firm on the Kazakhstan advertise lessen their expense of value capital by expanding the degree of their intentional corporate divulgence. In addition Stanwick (1998) contemplated the connection between corporate divulgence and authoritative size, budgetary execution and natural execution. The goal of the investigation was to look at the connection between social execution of the association and the natural execution of the association. Information was gathered from 1987 to 1992 and graphic plan was utilized. Corporate notoriety record was built. The discoveries were that social execution was to be sure affected by the size of the firm, the monetary presentation of the firm and measure of contamination outflows discharged by the organizations. 2.3.3 Corporate Social Responsibility Willful Disclosure and the Cost of Equity CapitalA concentrate by Hossain and Hammami (2009) indicated that budgetary outcomes discharged are the establishment of an association's spending plan and exhibitions. The investigation includes contrasting an organizations execution and that of the others firms in a similar industry and assessing patterns after some time. Monetary investigation includes the utilization of straightforward scientific procedures, a comprehension and valuation for business technique and future possibilities through and assessment of fiscal summaries. Monetary proportions assume a key job in money related administration. The degree to which an association's uses obligation financing is what is called monetary influence. Additionally Botosan and Plumlee (2002) explored the connection between cost of capital and yearly reports divulgence, opportune revelation (quarterly or other distributed reports) and speculators relations exposures, they found a negative relationship for the yearly report divulgence, their examination demonstrated that the expense of capital is emphatically identified with auspicious detailing activities which could be credited to the way that convenient exposure increment the instability of the offer cost by drawing in transient speculators who exchange forcefully on present moment acquiring , anyway they didn't discover relationship between cost of value financing and speculator relations revelations. In assessing the connection between data asymmetry and financing strategies (obligation and value financing) of firms recorded on the Tehran Stock Exchange from year 2003 to 2010, Mahdi, Vahab and Hamin (2015), found that there no critical connection among data and obligation financing however data asymmetry is decidedly connected with obligation financing, anyway there was a huge positive connection between data asymmetry and value financing. The examination was finished utilizing auxiliary dataset of 61 firms were investigated where obligation and value financing techniques were embraced where information was extricated from fiscal reports of test firms and was broke down in exceed expectations and stata. The consequence of the examination appeared. In this examination utilized stata and exceed expectations. Another examination by Mangena, Jing and Tauringana (2016) researched whether Intellectual capital and budgetary revelation mutually influence the organizations cost of capital for 125 UK firms recorded on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) speaking to firms across businesses from March 2004 to February 2015, information for estimating divulgence are drawn from yearly reports. They utilized unmistakable methodology as their investigation system. The investigation found that IC revelation is adversely identified with the expense of value, the connection between budgetary divulgence and the expense of value capital is amplified when joined with the IC exposures. It was likewise seen that IC and monetary revelation collaborates on the impacts of the expense of value capital, the investigation of this communications exhibits that the impact of money related exposure on the expense of value capital is enlarged for firm described by medium degree of IC divulgence. Utilized stataIn their examination, Francis, Nanda and Olsson, (2002) explored the connection among deliberate divulgence, acquiring quality and cost of capital. The examination was done in Chicago, USA on 677 firms' yearly reports and 10-K filings in the financial year 2001 utilizing self developed list of coded things. It was noticed that organizations with great winning quality have more far reaching deliberate revelation than firms with poor acquiring quality, on unqualified tests, it was discovered that progressively intentional exposure is related with lost expense of capital, anyway on corresponding relationship among divulgence and procuring quality it was noticed that the divulgence impact on the expense of capital is generously diminished or vanish totally. Furthermore, Cerf (1961) examined the connection between willful revelation of data and the degree of benefit, size of the firm and its investors in the US advertise. The technique utilized was engaging methodology which concentrated on breaking down the relationship between willful revelation of data and the degree of gainfulness on yearly reports of 25 distinct organizations recorded on the New York Stock Exchange, he found a positive connection between intentional exposure of data and the degree of benefit, size of the firm and its investors. 2.3.4 Board Size Data deliberate exposure and Cost of Equity CapitalIn looking at the impact of board freedom and willful revelation on the expense of value capital, Setiany et al. (2007) indicated that there is a critical connection between deliberate revelation and company's expense of value capital. The examination utilized relapse investigation on optional information from organizations recorded in indonesian Stock Exchange during the time of 2009 to 2012 on an example of 104 organizations in the assembling segment. The investigation presumed that there is no connection between board freedom and cost of value capital, anyway the outcomes. Anyway Khemakhem and Naciri (2015) inspected the relationship among board and review attributes and the expense of value capital in Canadian market. The philosophy utilized unmistakable measurements on an example of 139 firm year perception from intermediary fliers, intermediary articulations and yearly reports of Canadian organizations that were a piece of S/P and TSX for the period 2004 to 2006. The examination found that the size of review advisory group and non-duality of the executive of the board are decidedly identified with the expense of value capital, additionally the investigation uncovered that the autonomy and board size don't influence the expense of capital for firms in the example. Fauzi and Locke (2012) explored the job of board structure and the impact of proprietorship structure on firm execution of New Zealand recorded firms. The examination utilized adjusted board technique on 79 New Zealand recorded firms, it likewise utilized Generalized Linear Model (GLM) to investigation information from yearly reports of recorded firms for the time of 2007 to 2011.the aftereffects of the examination show that the directorate, load up advisory group and administrative proprietorship have a positive and noteworthy effect on the firm execution. While Hasan et al. (2009) inspected the effect of proprietorship structure and corporate administration on capital structure utilizing an example of 58 arbitrarily chose non-monetary recorded organizations from Karachi Stock Exchange for the period 2002 to 2005. Information was broke down utilizing multivariate relapse investigation under fixed model methodology. The outcomes show that board size is essentially identified with capital structure. Be that as it may, non official chiefs ready and CEO/Chair duality have no noteworthy relationship with capital structure. Correspondingly, Jaradat (2015) examine the impact of board size, board sexual orientation, outside executive and CEO duality on the capital structure in Jordanian firms. Perception was done on 129 firms for the period 2009 to 2013. Numerous relapse examination was utilized to test the relationship of auxiliary information gathered from yearly reports. The outcomes demonstrated a positive relationship between board size, board assorted variety and outside executives and the capital structure, anyway for CEO duality and capital structure there was no huge relationship. 2.4 Conceptual system This area will manage operationalization of factors of the examination, proportions of intentional revelation and proportion of the expense of value capital. Autonomous factors Dependant Variables VariableIn this investigation the needy variable is the expense of value capital while the free factors likewise alluded as intentional revelation are the general corporate and vital divulgence, forward-looking exposure, social and board divulgence and budgetary revelation (Barako, 2007) Part THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This part examines the strategies and techniques to utilize to direct the investigation. This section presents subtleties of the examination plan, populace, inspecting and testing strategies information assortment techniques, information investigation method information and instruments for information investigation. 3.2 Research Design Research configuration is the system the exploration plans to follow. It portrays the nature

The Imagination Box

The Imagination Box [by Danbee Kim 09] Im a big fan of allowing your environment to enhance your mental facilities. As such, I love that there are dorms on campus where you can paint your own walls and string up your own lights. If you want to foster a community of free-thinkers, who are going to generate the ideas that will bring technology and society into the next age, why put them in a sterile box? Arent we all supposed to think out of the box? If ever you get a chance, you should take a tour of some of MITs greatest works of student art, found in the murals, graffiti, and what some would call vandalism of our dorms. You can find references to comic books like Transmetropolitan and The Sandman; sci-fi tv like Doctor Who and Firefly; old-school video games like Metroid and Pokemon; and even twists on some old classics, like a neon Guernica. The cornucopia of artistic overflow splatters onto the walls of our living spaces, and helps define, complement, and enhance who we are. How do we have time to paint murals? After a grueling day of psets, papers, and reading, how can we not take some time away from those mind-sucking, brain-frying academic responsibilities? Its a way to keep sane. Its a way to vent your pain, anger, joy, and passion. My hall even goes so far as to hold mural painting partiesour dorm has a certain amount of funding set aside for student painting projects, so we get reimbursed for the supplies we buy. Its a great way to bring together all the different years on a hall and spend some time together in a context different from the usual frantic I must get work done mode. And now that weve personalized our living spaces, it doesnt feel like a sterile box that does nothing to mitigate my homesickness. College is a new experience to most people when they first get there, and I for one loved the fact that I could create my own little burrow on my corner of campus, and really make this place a home away from home. It also gives you a sense of ownership and community in your place of residence. Be it tourists or a new batch of freshmen looking at your work, its quite satisfying to hear, Wow, I like this one, who did it? Also, knowing who painted what and what stories and circumstances surround each piece makes these murals an artistic record of the people and culture that have existed within the bounds of those walls. Its almost like cave paintings. You can remember the people and their stories by the art they leave behind. Cultural and social reasons aside, I think theres a deeper attraction to painting murals. Its the inner thrill of throwing paint and your own ideas onto a wall. Remember those days when you drew on your parents walls with crayon, or wanted to finger-paint your windows? In most respectable homes, a bunch of crayon squiggles around the house at about two feet high would be considered a poor choice of home decor. But now, now that were all adults and away from home, we can draw on the walls again! * * * * * Here are some examples of the student art you can find hidden inside of MITs various dormitories. (I didnt get a chance to photograph East Campus.yet. But soon!) Click each thumbnail for a full-sized version see if you can figure out where each one is. Photographs by Ken Haggerty 11 and Sadie Scheffer 10.

African American Major Figures and Events

Religion Gender Inequality - 1395 Words

In world religion, gender inequality has always been a great concern. This inequality did not exist based on the concepts of original religion but through cultural influence and social manipulation. The essence of Buddhism originated from a human being (known as Buddha). And Buddha is the one who achieved the highest enlightenment. Often in Buddhism concept, there was confusion about how much devotion is required to achieve the great â€Å"Enlightenment† for monk or nun. Women in the Buddhism face much more challenges to become enlightened. Throughout the essay, I will be focusing on how in Buddhist woman needs to be reborn as a man to be fully enlightened. This means this essay will examine the difficulties women face as a nun and how they†¦show more content†¦The first rule states that â€Å"a nun even of a hundred years’ standing should salute a bhikkhu [monk] and rise before him, though he had received the higher ordination that very day† (Fisher 10 1). In Buddha’s mind, there was still confusion between men and women equality, as this rule points out that nuns are always below the Monks. Basically, Buddha didn’t stop the women to gain spiritual and intellectual knowledge, but the rules that he enforced showed his hesitation toward women becoming spiritual leaders (Falk, Gross 156). Women would always have to obey and worship the men in Buddhism. Thus, the question arises can women achieve enlightenment in Buddhism, when they are not allowed to practice alone. Later on, these confusions were interpreted more differently in the Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism. Few hundred years later after the death of Buddha, Buddhism was already established and the first memorized texts were written down in Pali by the monks in Sri Lanka (Fisher 104). During that period, the most prominent school was known as the Theravada School; their teachings were more conservative and concentrate on the original teachings for Buddha. Their i deas were â€Å"clearly misogynistic portions describing women as sexually insatiable temptresses, deceitful and foolish† (Fisher 104).This means that the Theravada Buddhism viewed women as an obstacle and portrayedShow MoreRelatedReligion and Gender Inequality2967 Words   |  12 PagesRELIGION and GENDER INEQUALITY Equality for women in our society has been a controversial issue for centuries, sparking debates, marches, protests, and movement for the purpose of lifting women out of servitude to men. Many might point to the idea that women are the smaller, delicate, and weaker of the two genders as the reason for male domination. In history there have been many groups that were dominated by another group, but none with such complicity from those claiming to be following the wordRead MoreReligion Is A Major Source Of Gender And Sexual Inequality1614 Words   |  7 PagesReligion is a major source of gender and sexual inequality. Religion is important in society as it contributes significantly to social solidarity. However religion can also be regarded as a source of alienation in which people lose the connection with themselves and their fellow humans. Marx believed that religion can also be seen as a contributor to oppression because not only does it encourage meekness and passivity and deflect ed people from resisting suffering in this world (Van Krieken et alRead MoreGender Inequalities in the Roman Catholic Religion503 Words   |  2 PagesGender equality has been debated throughout society, and in a more narrow sense, in the Roman Catholic Church. Men are the dominant gender when looking at the Roman Catholic religion, as they have the authority and power to hold a church session and women do not. Today, many women are fighting back and questioning the gender bias that is present within the Roman Catholic religion. Although women have come a long way in society, women seem to still have an inferior role in the church. The sacramentRead MoreAnalysis Of A Great Deal Of Inequality Within The Scene Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pagesgreat deal of inequality within this scene, that this scene reveals a great amount of gender inequality in society. For example, the lottery reinforces gender oppression as it is men such as Mr. Summer, who operates the lottery. Tessie is the o ne who dies because of the lottery yet has little agency over in the community s affairs. Furthermore, since it is Bill who pulls the slip of paper from the box, the narrative is reinforcing the notion of gender inequality found within religion. In fact, TessieRead MoreGender Inequality Within The World1088 Words   |  5 PagesToday most children in the United States attend classes where gender equality exists. Students have classes in which both boys and girls are treated equally and are friends with one another and that is all that they have ever known. However, this is not always the case in every country. As of 2015, 53% of the children who are not attending school throughout the world are female (11 Facts About...). Gender inequality is an important issue that needs to be focused on and fixed throughout the worldRead MoreEffect of Gender Inequality on Economic Status1324 Words   |  5 Pagesand their empowerment has always been one of controversy. Even though the United Sta tes and many other countries have made great strides in gender equality, men and women are still not equal. Although this problem is beginning to disappear in many countries, it was once much more significant. The United States, a country with one of the world’s smallest gender gaps, used to be one of its worst offenders. Prior to World War 2, women were rarely seen in the workforce with minor exceptions. As a resultRead MoreTackling Gender Inequality Raising Pupil Achievement By Christine Forde1426 Words   |  6 PagesIn a society that claims to strive for gender-equality, would it be possible to apply measures in order to put to an end the mutual exclusion created by both genders from a young age? In her book Tackling Gender Inequality Raising Pupil Achievement, Christine Forde analyzes and critiques the policy and strategies implemented to tackle gender inequality. Forde’s work is still relevant to today’s society as it deals with issues such as the ‘ underachievement’ of boys making it a perfect text to studyRead MoreVoices From The Heartland By Julie Carson Essay1224 Words   |  5 Pageswith the struggles the authors have gone through because of their gender. While the gender issues accentuated in the book are conveyed by Oklahoma women, they are relevant to women everywhere, in America, other industrialized nations, as well as developing countries. Women are often confined to a set of ideals and expectations because of one simple fact: they are women. Many of the women who contributed to this book have faced gender stereotyping and discrimination. Instead of allowing traditionalRead MoreGender Equality And Gender Inequality921 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the dictionary, the definition of gender equality is the state in which access to rights or opportunities is unaffected by gender. Gender inequality is happening, where women have less control over resources, less power than males, and fewer opportunities across social, economic, and political life. Gender inequality is happening because of women’s physical difference in education, work pay and job opportunities, family and culture, religion, and government. This is due to the stereotypicalRead MoreFactors of Social Inequality723 Words   |  3 PagesDISCUSS FIVE FACTORS OF INEQUALITY IN OUR SOCIETY. Gender refers to socially constructed roles and responsibilities of women and men. The difference in roles and responsibilities among women and men stems from our families, societies and culture. The concept of gender includes our expectations about the characteristics, attitudes and behaviours of women and men, and is vital in facilitating gender analysis. The different roles, rights and resources that both the genders have in society are important

Flextronics Case Analysis Free Essays

Flextronics Case Analysis Team Member: Kerry Cunningham, Feng Hu, Tian Tian, Shuo Zhang Nov. 5th 1. Cause of McCuster’s Dilemma Several organizational factors haves contributed to McCuster’s dilemma: First, the Flextronics’s decision makers failed to appropriately evaluate the ability and condition of the organization in bidding for Xbox project and assigning tasks. We will write a custom essay sample on Flextronics Case Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now While it is enticing that this project would bring about good reputation as well as substantial financial gain, decision-makers should consider more than financial benefit1. Managers are paid to make good decisions not risky decisions or conservative decisions1: Flextronics decision makers was too optimistic about the project so that they promised Microsoft the IT solution Flextronics did not have yet despite the fact that it was Flextronics first global project and first foray into sophisticated software. This promise has put Flextronics in risks since now it has trouble coming up with the IT solution. Although group and external pressures (social, political, economic) impact the alternatives we select and biases we have in decision-making1, in Flextronics case, Flextronics could gain cutting edge and good fame from the succeed of the project, and many parties are closely watching this project, decision makers still needs to be objective when making decisions While Xbox project needs the two facilities designated to work closely, decision makers assigned the project to Mexico facility and Hungary facility, two groups that are both geographically and relationally distant. This decision has led to ineffective communication between the two facilities. Second, Flextronics’s CEO’s over stress on culture decentralization and the fact that Flextronics’s acquisition led to culture acquisition caused lack of communication1 and trust1 between facilities. Lack of Communication has led to different systems in two facilities. The two plants function separately and have their own respective cost control, this leading to conflict about which system to adopt. If the Hungary facility has communicated with the headquarter about which system to adopt in the first place, the headquarter would probably have suggested Hungary facility to adopt Datasweep like Mexico facility did, and Flextronics would not have this dilemma at all. Now that the facilities are having problem in switching system, they still refuse to trust each other’s system, they are even unwilling to communicate with each other about the system. This lack of trust and communication has worsened Flextronics’s situation. 2. Criteria in Decision Evaluation The most prior criterion in decision evaluation is whether the ultimate decision enables Flextronics to make profits in the long run. Since profit enables enterprises to survive and developlast. Profit is also the reason for the establish profit oriented enterprises. However, in individual tasks such as Xbox project, the priority may be developing cutting edge and enhance reputation rather than financial gain, but this project would be valueless if it cannot bring about financial benefit in the long run. The second most important criterion is customer satisfaction. In this case, customer satisfaction means whether Flextronics produces Xbox in good quality, right quantity, with reasonable price, and in timely manner. Flextronics also needs to meet Microsoft’s requirement in system adoption and production control. As Microsoft is an important customer and the project’s success could bring about substantial benefit for Flextronics, it is important to stick to the contract with Microsoft. Another important criterion would be whether the ultimate decision leads to good team work. Now that the Hungary facility and Mexico facility have inconsistency in production and refuse to compromise, decision makers need to come up with a solution to involve the two facilities in close cooperation, which is the key to success in launching Xbox in two markets at the same time. As good teamwork in Xbox would lead to enhanced work efficiency and good example for future projects, it is important for decision makers to let the two facilities willingly reach an agreement. 3. Actions to Take In order to satisfy the criteria mentioned above, Mr. McCusker should take the following actions before he reaches a decision. First of all, in order to make sure the company can benefit from this project, he need make comprehensive analysis on every aspect including costs, potential profit, customer satisfaction and future influences on market share of all those three possible scenarios. The first decision alternative is putting Datasweep in both Mexico and Hungary. This fits to both the philosophy of Mark, the CEO of Flextronics and the requirement of Microsoft. Moreover, Datasweep is a scalable solution over Visual Factory, thus facilitating future projects on a global view. On the other hand, the cost is a big issue. Besides, the uncertainty to operate the new system may disorder the normal operation for Hungarian for a period of time. Well, decision-makers should consider more than financial benefit1. As this is a global project, McCusker should view it as a whole. If this solution does meet the criteria of the company, those two branches should share the total cost and profit. Furthermore, the Mexico factory should send some engineers who are familiar with Datasweep to Hungarian to make it operate well as soon as possible. Because the Xbox will be built first in Mexico, there is still some time for Hungary to adopt the new system. In this case, Flextronics will become more and more global-orientated and get ready for tremendous future projects. However, there is still some uncertainty exists, because the management team in Hungary is self-important. They are quite unwilling to switch and would only do so if the CEO commanded. They may have some psychological issues which will have bad effects on carrying on the project. The second one is to set up Visual Factory in Mexico. It will save a lot of money, which is a big issue in this industry. This system has been well self-customized by the Hungarian team and they believe that they have already discovered and fixed most of the bugs. But the fatal defect is that Visual Factory has no credibility outside of Hungary. It is extremely hard to convince Microsoft and the executives and IT team of Flextronics to trust this new system. Moreover, because of the build of Xbox starting from Mexico, time is another critical issue. The third option is allowing each branch uses their own software system. This will benefit both plants without any risk. Nevertheless, there is also a fatal drawback of this option that is it can hardly meet the basic requirement of Microsoft for a single software platform. What’s more, it lacks global synergies which will be a barrier for Flextronics to develop in the long run. The second action McCusker should take is talking to Michael Marks, the CEO of Flextronics, putting all three options and all the pros and cons of them according to the comprehensive analysis and asking for his advice and even help. In this case, this is indeed needed, though it is not recommended to refer to boss for help. Because this is a global project which need close cooperation of the big two branches, it’s hard for McCusker, the project manager, to deal with those senior executives. Furthermore, Humphrey Porter, president of Central Europe, and his team even claimed that they would switch to Datasweep only if Michael Marks ask to do so as an order. In this case, without the approval of Michael Marks, it’s useless for McCusker to reach any decision. The third one is to hold a conference with all the key people including Humphrey Porter, Matt Ryan, Jim McCusker, Mike Webb, Robert Dykes and Michael Marks. Because one of the biggest problems of Flextronics is lack of communication, this conference will help those key people in this project to know the situation better and build trust and familiarity among them1. After they consider and discuss all the pros and cons of every option face to face without any communication barrels, they stand a good chance to reach an optimal decision. A good teamwork among different branches would also benefit a lot for the future development of Flextronics as a global company. How to cite Flextronics Case Analysis, Essay examples

Making Memories free essay sample

â€Å"Jump! Just jump!† My instructor yells to me as I near the gaping crevasse. â€Å"Its a LONG way down!† I scream back against the wind. My legs are shaking in fear, but the summit of Mt. Baker towers just over the next ridge. I muster my courage and I jump and, my foot slips! But, I catch myself, I’m just fine. I smile, move forward and finish the climb. Life isnt lived in a book, not even in a textbook! How can it be that many of my friends have studied AP Environmental Science, but have never gone camping; they build robots and have studied Physics, but have never used a power tool, and they have driver’s licenses, but have never used jumper cables? Webster tells us that adventure is â€Å"participation in exciting undertakings†. I’m not sure Webster would consider using a power drill an â€Å"adventure,† but I did. We will write a custom essay sample on Making Memories or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I was the first in line to drill, to experiment, and to find a way to use my new skill. â€Å"Zane, hold onto the rope on the front like you are riding a bull in a rodeo,† my Dad explains as he positions me on the front tube of the river raft, â€Å"If you fall, fall INTO the boat! OK?† â€Å"Got it!† I reply excitedly. Three minutes later, he fishes me, disoriented and cold, but smiling and exultant, from the icy water. I’m not an adrenaline junkie. I’m not constantly seeking thrills. Safety is always at the top of my priorities. I check my ropes. I stay away from big animals. I know how to swim, and I ALWAYS wear clean underwear. I don’t just step into the unknown recklessly; I plan and I prepare for my adventures. â€Å"All right. Just one more screw.† *clink* â€Å"There we go, it’s off!† I yell from inside the hood of my soon-to-be electric car. â€Å"Let’s get it out of there!† Mark grunts as he begins to crank the hoist lifting the motor out of the car. I scratch an itch on my forehead, probably smearing it with grime, â€Å"if this adapter spline works, maybe we can get the new engine in before dinner!† I was not a courageous kid. I was shy and conservative. I had trouble simply asking for water from a waitress. Slowly, one interaction at a time, (some by happenstance and some through my Dad’s â€Å"gentle encouragement†) I grew more courageous. That doesn’t mean I’m not afraid anymore. Spending every penny in my bank account to buy parts to build an electric car and leaving home for college are scary! But I’ve come to believe that, as the framed picture in the bathroom at home quoting Helen Keller says, â€Å"Life is either a daring adventure, or nothing†.

Prima Donna

Prima Donna Prima Donna Prima Donna By Maeve Maddox Henry Preston writes: Please, please, help nip this malapropism in the bud: Pre-Madonna. Im not kidding, Ive seen this twice in the past few weeks on comment boards. prima donna [prÄ“mÉ™ dÃ… nÉ™] (pree muh don uh) is an Italian term translated literally as first lady. In the music world, a prima donna is the best and most celebrated female singer in an opera company. Maria Callas swept into New York. She arrived, as is proper for prima donnas, in triumph. [Carmen] Melis had been a soprano prima donna at La Scala in Milan and had sung with Caruso and Titta Ruffo. Often referred to as the greatest Italian prima donna of the last half century, Tebaldi made her debut as Elena in Boito’s Mefistofele in 1944. Because some prime donne (plural of prime donna) felt that their talent and popularity deserved special treatment, the term came to mean self-centered, arrogant, uncooperative person. In this sense it is used to describe gifted or otherwise significant people who know their worth and want everyone else to kowtow to them because of it. The Senate, meanwhile, is an institution that, by nature, furthers individualistic prima-donna-ism on both sides of the aisle. This is namely for executives: how do you deal with prima donna employees? What is the best approach? Steeles A Prima Donna But We Arent Ready To Kick Him Off Stage One use of pre-Madonna is as a play on words in connection with the pop singer Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone. When it comes to out-and-out ignorance of the term, the greatest supply of examples is to be found on semi-literate blogs and comment boards, and in sports writing. General comments: you both sound like pree-madonna little girls? arguing over a game, im not trying to get involved in ur war, but how about growing up? im a young egyption princess or milk maid im the greatest pree madonna in the land, I am sick in tired reality show celebs acting like pree-Madonna. Sports-related: Ankela is a little pre-madonna. What an attitude problem. The worst thing of it is that he actually believes that he is far superior to his peers. My trainer calls me a preemadonna cause i like to look good lol. Jay cutler is a primadonna (Not like Alex Rodriguez [was] a pree madonna) Lebron Premadonna James will never win a championship!! Its amusing that a term meaning best female singer has come to be applied to burly athletes. The Italian term for best male singer is primo uomo [prÄ“mÃ…  wÉ”Ë mo]. Bottom line: Unless the context has something to do with the pop music world before singer Ciccone came along, the expression is prima donna. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:60 Synonyms for â€Å"Walk†Rules for Capitalization in Titles45 Idioms with "Roll"

Handle Popular Culture Terms with Care

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Content Analysis of Web-based Norovirus Education Materials

Content Analysis of Web-based Norovirus Education Materials Content Analysis of Web-based Norovirus Education Materials Targeting Consumers Who Prepare and Handle Food: An Assessment of Alignment and Readability Hillary Evansa Morgan Gettya Cortney M. Leonea Michael Finneyb Angela Frasera* aDepartment of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA bDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA ABSTRACT word count Huma noroviruses sicken 19-21 million people in the U.S. each year, suggesting the need for education. The World Wide Web is a readily accessible source of information about how to prevent a norovirus infection but at present the accuracy and readability of materials targeting consumers is unknown. The aim of our study was to evaluate the alignment and readability of web-based norovirus education materials targeting consumers using CDC guidelines and Microsoft Word readability formulas. Our search yielded 60 artifacts. Most did not address duration of handwashing (83%), use of hand sanitizers (83%), type of drying devices (92%), or avoidance of bare-hand contact with ready-to-eat foods (97%). Less than half (n=29) recommended minimizing contact with sick persons. Two-thirds of the artifacts (n=40) also did not mention the recommended concentration of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) solution to be used to disinfect surfaces contaminated with Noroviruses. The mean Flesch Reading Ease scor e was 47.75 (score of >70 is easy to read), and the mean Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level was 10.36 so documents were written at a 10th grade level. The alignment and readability of web-based educational materials about Noroviruses must be improved as knowledge is a prerequisite to application of behaviors that can prevent one from becoming infected with Noroviruses. Key words: Huma noroviruses, content analysis, consumer education, food safety, readability Content Analysis of Web-based Norovirus Education Materials Targeting Consumers who Prepare and Handle Food: An Assessment of Alignment and Readability INTRODUCTION Worldwide, noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. In the U.S., an estimated 21 million individuals (1 in 14) are sickened each year by this group of viruses resulting in $777 million in healthcare costs (Hall et al., 2013). Most reported outbreaks are attributed to person-to-person contact (69%) followed by the consumption of contaminated food (23%) making noroviruses the most common cause of foodborne disease (58% of cases) in the U.S. ((Hall, Wikswo, Pringle, Gould, Parashar, 2014; Scallan et al, 2011). Results from a nationally representative survey of 1051 U.S. adults revealed that consumers are not aware of noroviruses and have limited knowledge about how to prevent an infection. Forty-seven percent of respondents reported awareness of noroviruses, and 85% had heard of the terms cruise ship virus, the stomach bug, or the stomach flu, which are commonly used to describe norovirusess (Cates, Kosa, Brophy, Hall, Fraser, 2015). Less than one-third (341) correctly answered 50% or more of the 22 true-and-false questions, suggesting consumers have limited knowledge on how to prevent a norovirus infection. These findings support the need to provide consumers with accurate and complete information about noroviruses as knowledge is a prerequisite to implementation of a behavior (DiClemente et al., 1989; Fisher Fisher, 1992). The World Wide Web (hereafter referred to as the Web) is one way to reach consumers with information about how to prevent a norovirus infection. Eighty-seven percent (87%) of U.S. adults use the internet, and of those, 72 percent use the Web to seek health information (Pew Research Center, 2014). While the internet has accelerated the speed and spread of information, it also has a downside allowing the dissemination and diffusion of information without checks and balances, peer review, and/or fact checking. Three studies that evaluated health information available online reported a lack of quality information characterized by accuracy of content and/or appropriate design and usability (Berland et al., 2001; Scullard, Peacock, Davies, 2010; Irwin et al., 2011). Moreover, a systematic review of medical information further supported the above-mentioned authors conclusions that there is a lack of high-quality sites on the Web that offer complete and accurate information on various heal th topics (Eysenbach, Powell, Kuss, Sa, 2002). One problem with inaccurate or misleading health information being so accessible on the Web is that the user of this information might implement recommendations that have no effect on preventing the targeted disease or condition or even worse one might implement recommendations that cause harm (Ilic, 2010). In addition to providing accurate and complete information, it is also important to determine if recommendations, or changes that might become recommendations in the near future, are relevant and practical under real-world conditions. Another problem is the readability of the text. If the text is not easy to read its usability is greatly diminished. To illustrate how wide ranging this problem could be one needs to simply read the National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL), released in 2006 by the U.S. Department of Education. The authors report that 30 million adults struggle with basic reading tasks, which represents nearly 10% of the U.S. population (Kutner, Greenburg, Jin, Paulsen, 2006). Within the context of health information, Kessels (2003) pointed out that 40-80% of information provided to patients by health professionals is forgotten immediately not only because terminology is too difficult to understand but often too much information is presented at one time leading to poor recall. One conclusion is that when text is too difficult to read, the reader could become frustrated hence they stop reading, hence the purpose of the materials is not achieved improving knowledge. Using the results of a readability formula is also recommended by experts to guide the development of written work as it is recommended to write documents for U.S. adults at the 7th grade level and documents about health, medicine, or safety at the 5th grade level (DuBay, 2004). As an assessment tool, one of the several dozen readability formulas are useful and convenient but must be employed with caution. These formulas determine the grade level demand of specific written information based on an analysis of sentence structure and word length. But, readability does not necessarily guarantee comprehension, which is the degree to which one understands what they have read (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Assessing comprehension is a much more complex task, which is why readability is more commonly used as a general indicator of how easy a document is to read. Therefore, we assert that if consumer education materials are aligned with evidence-based guidance documents and are easy to read, the reader is more likely to engage in behaviors known to prevent Noroviruses. Thus, the aim of our study was to evaluate the alignment and readability of Noroviruses consumer education materials available on the Web using evidence-based guidance documents and Microsoft Word readability formulas. Two research questions guided our study: 1) Are noroviruses materials targeting consumers who handle food aligned with the three prevention strategies for noroviruses recommended in CDC guidance documents? and 2) Are materials written at the recommended grade level for health-related documents (5th grade level)? Our study findings can be used to inform the revision or creation of consumer education materials that focus on preventing a norovirus infection. METHODS To be included in the sample, eligible educational materials (referred to as artifacts hereafter) were published between January 1, 2011 and May 23, 2013 and: 1) target adult consumers, 2) pertain to preparing food in the home, and 3) be available via Advanced Search of Google.com. The start date of our search was chosen because in January 2011, Scallan et al. (2011) reported that Noroviruses causes 58% of foodborne disease in the U.S. We excluded artifacts directed toward children and those formatted as blogs, news articles, theses, dissertations, research articles, Wikipedia entries, question/answer sites, forums, and continuing education training materials. We conducted a Google.com Advanced Search using the following search string: Norovirus AND food handling AND food preparation. Food-related terms were chosen as we assumed this would narrow our findings to artifacts that address preventing Norovirus infections related to food preparation in the home. Artifacts were sorted by re levance, and two team members screened each artifact based on inclusion criteria. All eligible artifacts were downloaded as Portable Document Format (PDF) files or HyperText Markup Language (HTML) files. A coding manual comprised of 71 items divided into four topic areas was created. The topic areas included: 1) identifying information, 2) format (including readability statistics), 3) content (including food safety hazards), and 4) prevention strategies. The items in Table 1 assess three prevention strategies outlined in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for preventing and managing a norovirus infection: 1) hand hygiene, 2) exclusion and isolation of sick individuals, and 3) environmental sanitation (Hall et al., 2011). While these guidelines were designed for use in health care and not home settings, at the time of the analysis we believed and continue to believe they were the best source of evidence-based information to prevent norovirus infections. A corresponding SurveyMonkey ® (Survey Monkey Inc., Paolo Alto, CA) instrument served as the coding sheet. Four trained coders independently conducted a pilot-test of the coding manual. Inconsistencies or ambiguities found in the manual during piloting were corrected before analysis began. Two trained coders then independently reviewed each artifact. Responses were entered into the SurveyMonkey ® instrument. All responses were exported to an Excel spreadsheet. A third coder reconciled disagreements between coders. Based on alignment, each artifact was assigned a total score, and sub-scores across the three disease management guidance documents were assessed: hand hygiene, isolation and exclusion of sick persons, and environmental sanitation. The maximum possible quality scores for each topic area were 7, 2, and 5, respectively. Response frequencies as well as mean scores, standard deviations, and ranges were calculated using SAS 9.3 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). To assess readability, we used two formulas Flesch Reading Ease and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level both available in Microsoft Word. Flesch Reading Ease scores range from 0-100, with a lower score indicating that a document is more difficult to read than one with a higher score. A score of 70 or above is classified as easy and is written at the grade school level. A score of 60 to 70 is standard and is written at the high school level. A score of 60 or below is difficult. The Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level uses mean sentence and word length to determine grade level between grades 3 and 12 (DAlessandro, Kingsley, Johnson-West, 2001). RESULTS Our Google Advanced Search yielded 826 results. After opening and viewing the first 292 results (sorted by relevance) the following was displayed on the results listing screen: In order to show you the most relevant results, we have omitted some entries very similar to the 292 already displayed. If you like, you can repeat the search with the omitted results included. We repeated the search and determined all results were duplicates of those already viewed. These 292 results were screened using our three eligibility criteria and yielded 74 artifacts which were then downloaded. After a second screening, 14 artifacts were removed due to page unavailability, duplicity, or wrong target audience. A total of 60 artifacts were included and analyzed. Research Question 1: Alignment with Prevention Strategies The total mean score across all three prevention strategies was low 5.2 of 14 points suggesting artifacts were not aligned with CDC guidance documents (Table 2). All (N=60; 100%) artifacts mentioned at least one of the seven components of hand hygiene we assessed but the mean sub-score for hand hygiene was low, 2.3 of 7 points (SD=0.77). Most artifacts (83%) did not address length of handwashing, type of drying devices (92%), avoidance of bare-hand contact with ready-to-eat foods (97%), or use of hand sanitizers (83%). One artifact stated that hand sanitizers were an acceptable alternative to hand washing. Of the artifacts that mentioned exclusion and isolation of sick individuals (78%), the mean score was 1.2 of 2. In nearly all artifacts (72%) sick individuals were discouraged from preparing food for others, but 48% recommended minimizing contact with sick persons. Less than half (48%) addressed at least one aspect of environmental sanitation with the mean quality score 1.7 of 5. Research Question 2: Readability The mean Flesch Reading Ease for our sample was 47.6, indicating artifacts were difficult to read as the score is th grade) for health-related materials (DAlessandro, Kingsley, Johnson-West, 2001). DISCUSSION Knowledge is an underlying construct in many health behavior models necessary for one to take informed action, such as implementing strategies to prevent a norovirus infection. So it is reasonable to assert that if one does not have accurate and complete information about these strategies, then one cannot engage in necessary behaviors, defeating the purpose of consumer education. In addition to providing accurate and complete information, the information must also be practical and presented in a manner that is easy to read to increase the likelihood that the recommendations will be implemented. For these reasons, we analyzed consumer-targeted materials available on the Web to determine if existing materials need to be revised or new materials created as we believe consumer education is critical to preventing norovirus infections. In our analysis, we found information was omitted and/or inconsistent with the CDC guidelines. For example, many artifacts did not address length of hand washing, use of hand sanitizers, type of drying devices, and avoidance of bare-hand contact with ready-to-eat foods. While many discouraged preparing food, less than half recommended minimize contact with sick persons. Furthermore, disinfection was frequently mentioned but the recommended concentration of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) solution to be used to disinfect surfaces contaminated with noroviruses was not. And, none addressed the clean up of vomit and fecal matter. It is through the proper implementation of the three prevention strategies (hand hygiene, exclusion and isolation of sick individuals, and environmental sanitation) that we begin to reduce the burden of illness attributed to noroviruses. One obvious reason for the incompleteness and/or omission of information is the creators of materials in our sample might not have known about the CDC prevention guidelines. The guidelines were published in March 2011 in Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) which is in the public domain, but MMWR might not be a known or commonly used source of information for those who author consumer education materials. As a result, information to guide development of materials came from other sources, for which the evidence base might be unknown or possibly incorrect. To illustrate, it is well known that an effective hand wash can disrupt transmission of noroviruses with effective hand wash defined as applying hand soap to hands then using friction (rubbing hands together) for a sufficient time (Michaels et al., 2002). While a scrub time of 10-20 seconds is commonly recommended as sufficient by the CDC and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA, 2013; Hall et al., 2011), three laboratory s tudies report longer wash times are needed to remove microorganisms (Ojajà ¤rvi, 1980; Fuls et al., 2008; Jensen, Danyluk, Harris, and Schaffner, 2015). To further complicate matters, some experts question the evidence base for scrubbing hands for 10-20 seconds suggesting an even shorter time (Bloomfield et al, FILL IN). These various positions on length of a handwash illustrates the importance of creating (and subsequently using) evidence-based guidelines to inform development of consumer education materials as recommendations cannot be based on one or two published studies. In health care, clinicians commonly use clinical evidence-based practice guidelines, recommendations systematically developed by panels of experts who have access to the available evidence and an understanding of the clinical problem and research methods as these clinicians, just like food safety educators, might not have the expertise to consider the quality of the evidence. Thus, evidence-based guidelines such as those prepared by the CDC should underpin consumer education efforts about preventing norovirus infections. However, these guidelines should be routinely reviewed and updated as even within the CDC guidelines there are gaps in information as the present evidence base to inform norovirus prevention strategies is incomplete. When educators are faced with incomplete information they might use whatever information is available, even if it is not grounded in science, or and simply ignore omit details (Kardes et al., 2008; Sanbonmatsu, Kardes, Herr, 1992; Simmons Lynch, 1991). One clear example of this centers around vomit and fecal matter clean up, which none of the reviewed materials addressed. To disrupt the transmission of noroviruses, vomitus and feces must be properly cleaned up. But, how far out one needs to disinfect an area to eliminate noroviruses is unknown as the evidence to support a geographic radius is inconclusive. The only published evidence we have suggests that vomit can be deposited up to 25 feet from its point source but these findings are based on one epidemiological stud y and not a well-designed laboratory-controlled study (Booth, 2014). Moreover, even when the evidence base is good, sometimes information that is presented is not complete. Case in point, many materials recommended using sodium hypochlorite (bleach) solutions to treat surfaces, which is correct, but most did not state a concentration of the disinfection solution. Norovirus is a hardy pathogen that resists most disinfection strategies and persists in the environment for long periods, possibly weeks (give citation) illustrating the importance of using a chlorine solution at the proper concentration (Doultree, Druce, Birch, Marshall, 1999; Gulati, Allwood, Hedberg, Goyal, 2001; Jimenez Chiang 2006; Belliot, Lavaux, Souihel, Agnello, Pothier, 2008). One explanation for this lack of detail could be that some authors presented motivational messages, which tend to be briefer than procedural messages. While motivation is important, alone it is not sufficient because one can be motivated to enact a behavior but do it wrong which is why consumers must have accurate as well as complete information. It is important to note that we did not evaluate the messaging approach as this was beyond the scope of this study but an analysis of messaging approach should be considered in future analyses of materials. Another potential problem is that in the absence of consumer-targeted prevention strategies, government regulations are often used as a proxy. This appears to be a sensible approach as the presumption is that most regulations are grounded in science. However, one must exercise caution as regulations might not always based on the most current evidence given the often lengthy adoption process. Take for example the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers as an alternative for hand washing, which the U.S. Food Code prohibits, and which most artifacts in our sample did not mention. In 2002 the CDC released Guidelines for Hand Hygiene in Healthcare but in May 2003 the FDA prepared a written response, clearly stating the CDC guidelines could not be applied to foodservice establishments (FDA, 2003). The underlying logic was that (1) pathogens commonly transmitted by hands in health-care settings differ from those transmitted in foodservice settings; (2) the use of alcohol-based hand rubs in pla ce of hand-washing has not been shown to reduce important foodborne pathogens on food worker hands; and (3) the types and levels of soil on the hands of health care workers differ from that on the hands of foodservice and retail food handlers. Another concern was that while alcohol-based hand sanitizers have been demonstrated to be effective for many pathogens, their efficacy has not been consistently demonstrated for norovirus. It is unclear how much published evidence has been used to support these recommendations as much has been learned about hand hygiene in the last 20 years. In reality, information suggests that some hand sanitizer formulations may be somewhat effective while others are not. Obviously, this situation is complex, and in the interest of providing a clear message, it may be unclear whether to include recommendations regarding alcohol-based hand sanitizers or to rely on government regulations. The conservative approach would be to omit the recommendation; whereas, some authors may decide to provide the knowledge under the impression that recommending some hand cleaning behavior is better than no recommendation. Some guidelines might be viewed by educators as impractical or unnecessary to implement in a home setting. An example of this is not handling food when sick, which was mentioned but minimizing contact with sick persons was addressed less frequently. This is a significant oversight as many people do not realize that noroviruses are transferred via the fecal-oral route (i.e., associated with contacting persons, contaminated surfaces, and food) (CATES ARTICLE). In a regulated food facility, workers cannot work while ill to minimize sickening others as well as contaminating surfaces and food. This recommendation might not be possible in a home setting as one probably cannot isolate themselves from others in the household as well as they might be the primary food preparer. This illustrates why it is important to analyze not only the accuracy and completeness of information but also its practicality. Along with lack of alignment, the artifacts in our sample were also not easy to read written at a high school grade level and not at the 5th grade level as suggested. Our study findings are consistent with a study conducted by Badarudeen and Sanjeev (2010) who concluded that in a health-care setting patient education materials were often too difficult to read and could not be comprehended by a substantial portion of the adult U.S. population. Therefore, even when information is accurate, if a reader cannot understand it, they cannot act on it. Educational materials are only as beneficial as the knowledge gained as a result of being able to read them. Limitations Due to the ever changing nature of the Web, artifacts sampled during the study could change as time progresses so new materials that might be better aligned with CDC guidance documents and that are easy to read might be available. Likewise, knowledge evolves: in late 2014, the CDC published on their website five messages to help consumers prevent a norovirus infections: 1) practice proper hand hygiene; 2) take care in the kitchen; 3) do not prepare food while infected; 4) clean and disinfect contaminated surfaces; and 5) wash laundry thoroughly (CDC, 2015). However, coding and analysis had already been completed so kitchen and laundry practices were not assessed, demonstrating the challenge of evaluating web-based health messages. Further, to analyze the readability of the artifacts in our sample, we used two readability formulas available through Microsoft Word. This method is widely used, but also not comprehensive, as it only considers factors such as word and sentence length so d oes not take into consideration comprehension. Future research should also be done to assess materials using the CDC Clear Communication Index, which is a set of 20 items that can be used to develop as well as assess public communication products (CDC, 2014a). The 20 items in the Index build on and expand plain language techniques described in the Federal Plain Language Guidance documents (Plain Language Action and Information Network, 2011). CONCLUSION At present, there still is a need to revise and possibly create materials that are accurate, complete, practical, and easy to read. Consumer education, if approached properly, could help reduce the burden of illness attributed to noroviruses, the number one cause of acute gastroenteritis and foodborne disease. To be effective, consumer-targeted materials must be aligned with evidence-based guidelines that carefully assess the practicality and necessity of the recommendations in a home environment. While government regulations are sometimes used as a proxy for recommendations to be applied in a home setting, one must use caution in doing so as the regulatory provisions might not be grounded in the most current science or might be impractical under home conditions. Most importantly, evidence-based guidelines also need to be periodically as the evidence base to inform practices continues to grow. Finally, the readability of the materials must be evaluated and REFERENCE THE CDC CLEAR COM MUNICATION INDEX. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was funded through a grant from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Agriculture and Food Research Initiative, Building Capacity to Control Viral Foodborne Disease: A Translational, Multidisciplinary Approach, Grant No. 2011-68003-30395. REFERENCES Abad, F. X., Pintà ³, R. M., Bosch, A.(1994). Survival of enteric viruses on environmental fomites. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60(10), p. 3704-3710. Atmar, R. L., Opekun, A. R., Gilger, M. A., Estes, M. K., Crawford, S. E., Neill, F. H., Ramani, S., Hill, H., Ferreira, J., Graham, D. Y. (2014).Determination of the 50% human infectious dose for Norwalk virus. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 209, 1016-1022. Badarudeen, S. Sabharwal, S. (2010). Assessing Readability of Patient Education Materials: Current Role in Orthopaedics. Clinical Orthopedic Related Research, 468(1):2572-2580. Barker, J., Vipond, I. B., Bloomfield, S. F. (2004).Effects of cleaning and disinfection in reducing the spread of norovirus contamination via environmental surfaces. Journal of Hospital Infection,58(1), 42-49. Belliot, G., Lavaux, A., Souihel, D., Agnello, D., Pothier, P. (2008). Use of murine norovirus as a surrogate to evaluate resistance of huma norovirus to disinfectants. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74(10), 3315-3318. Berland, G. K., Elliott, M. N., Morales, L. S., Algazy, J. I., Kravitz, R. L., Broder, M. S., Kanouse, D. E., Muà ±oz, J. A., Puyol, J.-A., Lara, M., Watkins, K. E., Yang, H., McGlynn, E. A. (2001). Health information on the internet: accessibility, quality, and readability in English and Spanish. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285(20), 2612-2621. Bloomfield, S. F., Aiello, A. E., Cookson, B., OBoyle, C., Larson, E. L. (2007). The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers. American Journal of Infection Control, 35(10), S27-S64. Booth, C. M. (2014). Vomiting Larry: a simulated vomiting system for assessing environmental contamination from projectile vomiting related to norovirus infection. Journal of Infection Prevention, 15(5), 176-180. Cates, S. C., Kosa, K. M., Brophy, J. E., Hall, A. J., Fraser, A. (2015). Consumer education needed on norovirus prevention and control: findings from a nationally representative survey of U.S. adults. Journal of Food Protection, 78(3), 484-490. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Preventing Norovirus Infection. Accessed 29 October 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/preventing-infection.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014a). The CDC clear communication index. Accessed 27 August 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ccindex/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014b). Norovirus. Accessed 27 August 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/ DAlessandro, D. M., Kingsley, P., Johnson-West, J. (2001).The readability of pediatric patient education materials on the World Wide Web. Archives of Pediatrics Adolescent Medicine, 155(7), 807-812. DiClemente, R. J., Pies, C. A., Stoller, E. J., Straits, C., Olivia, G. E., Haskin, J., Rutherford, G. W. (1989). Evaluation of school-based AIDS education curricula in San Francisco.The Journal of Sex Research, 26(2), 188-198. Doultree, J. C., Druce, J. D., Birch, C. J., Bowden, D. S., Marshall, J. A. (1999). Inactivation of feline calicivirus, a Norwalk virus surrogate. Journal of Hospital Infection, 41, 51-57. DuBay, W. H. (2004).The principles of readability. Costa Mesa, CA: Impact Information. Eysenbach, G., Powell, J., Kuss, O., Sa, E.-R. (2002). Empirical studies assessing the quality of health information for consumers on the World Wide Web: a systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(20), 2691-2700. Fisher, J. D., Fisher, W. A. (1992). Changing AIDS risk behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 3, 455-474. Fuls, J. L., Rodgers, N. D.,Fischler, G. E., Howard, J. M., Patel, M.,Weidner, P. L., Duran, M. H. (2008). Alternative hand contamination technique to compare the activities of antimicrobial and non-antimicrobial soaps under different test conditions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74(12), 3739-3744. Girard, M., Ngazoa, S., Mattison, K., Jean, J. (2010).Attachment of noroviruses to stainless steel and their inactivation, using household disinfectants. Journal of Food Protection, 73(2), 400-404. Gulati, B. R., Allwood, P. B., Hedberg, C. W., Goyal, S. M. (2001). Efficacy of commonly used disinfectants for the inactivation of calicivirus on strawberry, lettuce, and a food-contact surface. Journal of Food Protection, 64(9), 1430-1434. Hall, A. J., Lopman, B. A., Payne, D. C., Patel, M. M., Gastaà ±aduy, P. A., Vinjà ©, J., Parashar, U. D. (2013). Norovirus disease in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(8), 1198-1205. Hall, A. J., Vinjà ©, J., Lopman, B., Park, G. W., Yen, C., Gregoricus, N., Parashar, U. (2011). Updated norovirus outbreak management and disease prevention guidance documents. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 60(3), 1-15. Hall, A. J., Wikswo, M. E., Pringle, K., Gould, L. H., Parashar, U. D. (2014). Vital signs: foodborne norovirus outbreaks- United States, 2009-2012.Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63(22), 491-495. Huang, C., Ma, W., Stack, S. (2012). The hygienic efficacy of different hand-drying methods: a review of the evidence. Mayo Clini

The Oppression of Women as Women

The oppression of women as women PHIL 202 – Assignment 1 26/01/2012 The patriarchal society in which we live has systematically oppressed women for centuries. It is not until extremely recent history, with the Women’s Liberation Movement, that women have been able to take meaningful strides towards a more equal and just society. We have come a long way since that time, women can now vote, work, practice politics and live independently of men: it seems as though we have come very close to the equality that we have worked so hard to achieve. However that statement has proven to be incredibly false.If we examine Marilyn Frye’s metaphor of the bird cage and apply it to the changes that have been brought upon our society we can see how the oppression of women not only still exists, but has gained new dimensions. By inspecting the progress women have made to integrate into patriarchal society we can see that we have succeeded to remove some of the wires that have held us back from escaping the cage, however the removal of these wires has added new responsibilities for the female gender and it is these new responsibilities that have added completely new wires to our cages.By examining Marilyn Frye’s article Oppression we will examine why she believes that â€Å"women are oppressed as women† (Frye, p. 16) and why it is that, even though men face barriers and difficulties, she believes that they are not â€Å"oppressed as men† (Frye, p. 16) Whilst reading Frye’s article I was truly disagreeing with the points she was making. How can she state that men are not also oppressed in some way: they have the burden of supporting their families, they cannot express any emotions without seeming weak, and they don’t have the choice of spending as much time with their children?These facts made me certain that men too were oppressed, however in a different way than women. As I neared the end of the article I came to a sudden re alization: the opinions I had formed were a product of my microscopic view of the situation and I was not able to see that the burdens men faced were only barriers held in place in order to preserve the patriarchal society that has been created and they were not faced with systematic oppression. In order to illustrate this point we can take a look at an example from the side of two opposing genders. The workplace seems to be following the path f equality, even though certain issues remain (men earning more than women on average, men holding higher positions etc†¦) they seem to be miniscule problems compared to the ones faced by the women decades before us. The wire on the cage that we would have named â€Å"ability to pursue a career† seems to be a rusty weak wire that is falling apart, no longer capable of holding women back. It may seem as if this is a victory, however, the oppressing society we live in has ensured that the destruction of that single wire has been ackn owledged and replaced by a new strong and sturdy set of wires in order to ensure systematic oppression.Now that women are able to work they are perceived as lazy and old-fashioned if they don’t, however if they do work they are perceived as being intimidating, bad mothers and sometimes masculine. Therefore it seems as if the situation where a women is perceived as hard-working, intelligent, ambitious and modern as well as feminine and an excellent mother and homemaker does not exist, yet it is actively expected of them; if any of the aforementioned characteristics are not present she will be given a dreadful label by society.It is clear that the advancements we have made have lead to an entirely new dimension of oppression. If we now continue on to examine the role of a man in the workplace we can see that they do face barriers but they are in absolutely no way systematically oppressed. If we examine a single barrier they face, for example, the burden of having to support the ir family, as this is the norm with regards to sex roles. The man must go to work and must earn money to pay the mortgage, to feed their children and to buy his wife the dishwasher she has been nagging him to get.This is a responsibility that he is expected to fulfill, however he is no way oppressed. In order to obtain an adequate job a man may go to school, earn a degree and find a stable and well-paying job. He will find this job with much more ease than a woman with the same qualifications and will get payed more than the aforesaid women. Being a man will be an advantage to his search and will in no way place any obstacles in his way, as opposed to woman whose gender is â€Å"significantly attached to whatever disadvantages and deprivations she suffers, be they great or small. †(Frye, p. 6) By obtaining a job, he has now earned the labels of intelligent, ambitious, and hard-working; of course, in our age and time a woman might be able to acquire all of these labels as well . However the labels describing her femininity and home-life might not be as pleasant.What about a man? He is now supporting his family therefore he is now masculine and worthy, he is also seen as a good father as he is supporting his children (the fact that he might not spend an adequate amount of time with them is of no importance as in our society financial support takes precedent of emotional support. Therefore our society has given him the burden of supporting his family but we can see that this is only a barrier put in place in order to for men to be able to exclude women from political and economic life and therefore control it. It may be a disadvantage in some ways, however it is important to recognize that it is a necessary disadvantage in order to maintain control and can in no way be labelled as oppression.The simple term â€Å"oppression† must be understood because without understanding its rightful meaning it is â€Å"much misused, and sometimes not innocentlyâ €  (Frye, p. 0) We must come to the understanding that men do face obstacles and barriers however they do not face the systematic oppression that women do as a result of their gender. Of course there are oppressed men living all around the world, but this oppression does not stem from the simple fact of their sex but many other factors such as socio-economic situation, sexual orientation, political situations etc†¦ Simply put, there are thousands, maybe millions of men around the world who are in no way oppressed, but not one single woman because her gender is the defining characteristic for her oppression.

Want to Know More About Extended Essay Economics Ib Samples?

Want to Know More About Extended Essay Economics Ib Samples? The Importance of Extended Essay Economics Ib Samples Consult your IB coordinator if you are not certain if you're on a particular timeline. The important thing here is that the comparison should be significant. Our IB extended essay writing service is an absolutely free solution that will help you in formulating a proper research question. The conclusion is the overview of your complete research. In such a circumstance it could be recommended to find professional extended essay aid. Now you're ready to make your research question. If you feel uncertain that you're able to write a great grade extended essay yourself, you're welcome to employ our assistance within this matter. What About Extended Essay Economics Ib Samples? You might believe that it's only the cover of your essay, but it's an important component, and you ought to treat it correctly. The point is to have fun with the many portions of the essay until you place them in the ideal order. Therefore, make certain that you have sufficient material to strengthen your arguments. The ideal way to discover the structure that works for your style of writing is to check through some superb extended essay examples. The essay introduction should clearly recognize the value of the essay topic. Be that as it can, the topic for your essay is a vital thing that h as to be chosen carefully and with higher precision. You won't be able to crank out a 4,000-word essay in a week and receive an A. You will construct your full extended essay around it. Just as with any other essay, you could write different topics for elongated essays. You shouldn't be terrified of extended essays. There are various reasons for which you may be asked to write a protracted essay. Extended essays may require a level of technicality. There is not an easy way to acquire high marks, but I think students want to stick to the criteria very carefully to guarantee they gain each of the basic marks. There are lots of diplomas and certificates it is possible to earn in the local high school and college but the majority of them are restricted to your own nation. For example every student should realize the maximum level in each one of the next. High school students who complete the programme receive a chance to produce their college application seem more attractive for the committee, and obtain some distinctive interdisciplinary understanding. If your school isn't one already, learn to turn into an IB World School as a way to implement the DP. It is normal for students like you to find expert guidance in writing a protracted essay for International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. Say, as an example, you're a high school student, and you should compose a 3-page essay. Welcome to the very best IB economics extended essay help services. Comparisons aren't the only approach to acquire a grade A EE. Choice of topic is the initial step towards writing the IB essay. Therefore, if there's any reason why you cannot have your extended essay written on time yourself, all you have to do is place your order on our site, and leave the rest to us! You may earn a mind map or simply jam write for many minutes, writing as much as possible. If you've found a fantastic concept, you should find something particular in it to secure more specific and distinctive. It's really let me develop a very clear idea of what things to do when I was absolutely clueless before! An elongated essay is a sort of academic writing assignment, which success rides on the structure. It's also wise to state (in clear terms), the most important purpose of your writing, along with the range of the study. Except for selecting a topic, researching, and pinning down the most important question, it's essential to choose the structure as an elongated ess ay needs to be long. There aren't many moments in your writing process that may make a huge difference. Argentina wishes the most appropriate for you. Taking economics extended course requires you to have a deeper comprehension of economics. Essay my very first cooking experience. You should come up with your question based on your subject and the primary theme. You may also refer to our Essay Outline Templates to supply you with an idea on how best to start. If you get a free subject, you must identify the region of your primary interest. The topic has to be related to your subject in the school.

Qué es ICE y qué puedes hacer en caso de una redada

ICE es la agencia del gobierno de Estados Unidos encargada de hacer cumplir las leyes federales sobre aduanas, comercio, control de las fronteras e inmigracià ³n. El nombre completo de esta agencia es Ejecucià ³n de Aduanas e Inmigracià ³n y se le  conoce como ICE por sus siglas en inglà ©s. Es parte del Departamento de Seguridad Interna (DHS) y, en la actualidad, cuenta con mà ¡s de 20.000 agentes repartidos en mà ¡s de 400 oficinas por todo el territorio de Estados Unidos y 46 ubicadas en otros paà ­ses. Su presupuesto anual ronda los $5  billones. Este artà ­culo informa sobre cuà ¡les son las actividades propias de ICE, quà © se puede hacer en los casos de redadas, y quà © esperar y cà ³mo proceder en el caso de arresto de un familiar o amigo. Quà © hace ICE ICE se identifica con redadas y deportaciones, pero, en realidad, sus competencias son mucho mà ¡s amplias y las ejecuta a travà ©s de cuatro departamentos. En primer lugar, la divisià ³n de Operaciones de Ejecucià ³n y Remocià ³n, conocido como ERO por sus siglas en inglà ©s. Este departamento se ocupa de arrestos administrativos y de deportaciones internas, es decir, las de inmigrantes que no son agarrados en el momento de cruzar ilegalmente la frontera o en los dà ­as posteriores al cruce.   En el à ºltimo aà ±o fiscal, ERO fue el responsable de 81.000 deportaciones internas. La mayorà ­a de esos migrantes, segà ºn datos oficiales, estaban comprendidos en una de las siguientes categorà ­as: condenados por una felonà ­a, pendientes de juzgar pero con cargo criminal, migrantes que regresaron a Estados Unidos ilegalmente despuà ©s de una deportacià ³n y fugitivos migratorios, como por ejemplo, los que no se presentaron a una cita en la corte y fueron condenados a ser deportados en ausencia. En segundo lugar,  la divisià ³n  de Investigacià ³n de Seguridad Interna, conocido como HSI por sus siglas en inglà ©s.  Esta es la divisià ³n del DHS con mà ¡s empleados, con 8.500, de los cuales 6.000 son agentes. Ademà ¡s, es la divisià ³n de ese departamento con mà ¡s presencia internacional.   HSI se ocupa de seguridad interna, seguridad pà ºblica y seguridad fronteriza, lo que se traduce en actividades de lucha contra el trà ¡fico humano y pandillas, anti-narcà ³ticos, contrabando de productos, incluido el de dinero, cibercrimen, delitos financieros y proteccià ³n de las infraestructuras vitales para Estados Unidos, entre otras. En tercer lugar, la Oficina de Asuntos Internacionales, conocida como OIA. Dentro de sus competencias destacan la investigacià ³n de actividades criminales transnacionales, la colaboracià ³n en la repatriacià ³n de inmigrantes y el entrenamiento de agencias policiales de otros paà ­ses. Y, por à ºltimo, HSI-Intel,  es la encargada de dar apoyo a las otras divisiones de ICE en la forma de tecnologà ­a e informacià ³n. Tambià ©n se ocupa de coordinar agencias en los casos de desastres nacionales, como ataques terroristas, pandemias o catà ¡strofes naturales. Tus derechos frente a las redadas de ICE Son frecuentes las noticias de las redadas de ICE, incluso de arrestos en lugares donde hasta hace poco eran realmente raras, como por ejemplo, las cortes de trà ¡fico, civiles o penales, en las afueras de escuelas o, incluso, en autobuses y trenes. En Estados Unidos, todas las personas, incluidos los migrantes indocumentados, tienen derechos bà ¡sicos que està ¡n protegidos por la Constitucià ³n y que conviene que todos los inmigrantes conozcan. Uno de los mà ¡s importantes, en este contexto de las redadas, es que ninguna agencia policial puede ingresar en una vivienda sin el consentimiento de quienes viven  allà ­, excepto si tiene sospecha razonable de que se està ¡ cometiendo un crimen o tienen una orden judicial que asà ­ lo autoriza. Tampoco se està ¡ obligado en ningà ºn caso a mostrar documentos que pueden indicar presencia indocumentada, como por ejemplo, pasaportes extranjeros o matrà ­culas consulares. Las redadas de ICE està ¡n ocasionando angustia y miedo, por lo que algunas comunidades de migrantes han creado sistemas de alerta para saber dà ³nde se està ¡n produciendo y cuà ¡ndo. Quà © hacer cuando ICE arresta a un inmigrante o se sospecha de una detencià ³n El primer paso es intentar confirmar que el amigo o familiar del que no se sabe està ¡ efectivamente arrestado por ICE. A los pocos dà ­as de producirse el arresto suelen aparecer datos bà ¡sicos sobre el detenido en la base de datos oficial. Si no aparece, es posible contactar directamente con ERO. En cuanto a quà © puede pasar con un migrante detenido por ICE, hay muchas posibilidades, dependiendo de las particularidades del caso. Asà ­, es posible que se proceda inmediatamente a su deportacià ³n, lo cual puede hacerse en cuestià ³n de horas o dà ­as, o que se determine que el migrante quede detenido hasta que pase por la corte. Finalmente, tambià ©n es posible que a un detenido por el ICE se le deje en libertad bajo fianza, con control electrà ³nico, bajo palabra o sin cargos. Respecto a las fianzas, pueden ser fijadas por ICE pero  muchas veces se niegan. En estos casos, el detenido puede pedir una vista ante un juez para que sea este quien determine si tiene derecho a quedar libre bajo depà ³sito previo de una fianza. En este punto es importante contar con un abogado de inmigracià ³n con buena reputacià ³n. Tambià ©n la labor de un profesional es fundamental para estudiar con objetividad si existe algà ºn camino para regularizar la situacià ³n del migrante arrestado y evitar asà ­ su deportacià ³n. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.